The SPLA has several armored units, composed of old tanks (T-55s, T-62s), somewhat more modern armored cars (EE-9s, BRDM-2s), infantry fighting vehicles (BMP-1s, BTR-60s), rocket launchers (BM-21s) and halftracks. POLISARIO agreed to add autonomy as per the Moroccan proposal to a referendum ballot, but refused to relinquish the concept of an independence referendum itself, as agreed in 1991 and 1997. Gathering of Polisario troops, near Tifariti (Western Sahara), celebrating the 32nd anniversary of the Polisario Front. The POLISARIO is practically dependent on its bases and refugee camps, located on Algerian soil. الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير ساقية الحمراء و وادي الذهب, Articles with Spanish-language external links, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, protests and riots in 2005 by Sahrawis in the occupied territories, Member parties of the Socialist International - Observer parties, Point 7, Res. [note 1] Of these, 45 have since "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition. This strategy has been quite effective: 44 out of 84 countries that had previously recognized Polisario have since overturned their recognition and support. The question of Western Sahara challenges the Organization of African Unity’s (OAU) emphasis on the inviolability of existing African borders and internationally recognized right to peoples’ self-determination. A 21-man Politburo would further check decisions and connect the movement with its affiliated "mass organizations", UGTSARIO, UJSARIO and UNMS (see below). Instead, the entire East Bloc decided in favour of ties and trade with Morocco and refused to recognize the SADR. The cease-fire coincided with the end of the Cold War. Support for the Polisario Front came mostly from African countries (especially "progressive" countries espousing strong anticolonial views, and those liberation movements who had only recently or not yet gained independence, such as African National Congress (South Africa), SWAPO (Namibia) or MPLA (Angola). [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] On the other hand, some states which had "withdrawn" or "frozen" recognition later resumed it (most recently Panama). The Polisario Front is led by a Secretary General. Mohamed Abdelaziz has repeatedly stated that the Moroccan withdrawal from the 1991 Settlement Plan and refusal to sign the 2003 Baker Plan would logically lead to war from its perspective if the international community does not step in.[13][14]. The Polisario Front was formally constituted on May 10, 1973 with the express intention of militarily forcing an end to Spanish colonization. AU; In October 2020, Rwanda signed cooperation agreements with Morocco. Twelve of these are secret delegates from the Moroccan-controlled areas of Western Sahara. There is no formal membership of Polisario; instead, anyone who participates in its work or lives in the refugee camps is considered a member. This page was last edited on 22 April 2021, at 16:24. The stalemate led the UN Security Council to ask the parties to enter into direct and unconditional negotiations to reach "a mutually accepted political solution". Upon Spain's withdrawal, and in application of the Madrid Accords in 1976, Morocco took over Saguia El Hamra while Mauritania took control of Rio De Oro. Hence, while the Moroccans held the cities and the fortifications handed over by the Spanish, their supply lines were constantly under attack [40] by the militants who were aided by their extensive knowledge of the diverse terrain of the region. The Mauritanian government is reportedly planning to soon withdraw its recognition of Polisario ’s self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), … The first Secretary General was Brahim Gali,[15] replaced in 1974 by El-Ouali at the II Congress of the Polisario Front, followed by Mahfoud Ali Beiba as Interim Secretary General upon his death. Pressures on the leadership from the refugee population to resume fighting are apparent, but to date the cease fire (unlike the referendum promise) has been respected. [2] The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[3][4] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[5] over Moroccan objections to SADR participation. However, after the construction of the Moroccan Wall this changed into tactics more resembling conventional warfare, with a focus on artillery, snipers and other long-range attacks. It has been recognized by some 80 countries, though a number of them have withdrawn or suspended recognition. The Senate proposed that the Brazilian government adopted measures related to. paragraphs 54-59 above). A cease-fire between the Polisario Front and Morocco, monitored by MINURSO (UN), has been in effect since September 6, 1991, on the promise of a referendum on independence the following year. It is necessary to remember this fact due to its importance. 1975-91 - Polisario Front fights a 16-year-long guerrilla war against Moroccan forces, which ends with a UN-brokered cease-fire. These typically care for distribution of food, water and schooling in their area, joining in higher-level organs (encompassing several camp quarters) to cooperate and establish distribution chains. It describes its struggle as a "clean war of national liberation". The timing of the provocation by the Polisario Front, which was undertaken seemingly out of nowhere after a ceasefire that had lasted decades, warrants a closer look. On 16 October 1975, by the mean of an Advisory Opinion, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) declared that it did not find any territorial sovereignty tie, either from the Kingdom of Morocco or the Mauritanian entity, over the territory of Western Sahara. 收腹效果：這個收腹動作配合臂部運動，帶動肩背部肌肉運動，瘦腹的同時能夠消除臂部和背部的多餘脂肪。. In 1976, the situation was further complicated by the Sahrawi Republic assuming functions of government in the camps and Polisario-held territories of Western Sahara. While Spain started negotiating a handover of power in the summer of 1975, in the end the regime of Francisco Franco decided to throw in its lot with Western Sahara's neighbors instead[citation needed]. This came since the announced referendum for Western Sahara was never held. This meant that most power rested in the hands of the Secretary General and a nine-man executive committee, elected at congresses and with different military and political responsibilities. Yet despite the imbalance of power, the Polisario refuses to give up and continues to use the arsenal of legal recourse to raise public awareness. Iran recognized the SADR in 1980, Mauritania had recognized the SADR in 1984, and Syria and South Yemen had supported the POLISARIO position on the conflict when they were all members of the Front of Refusal. Colombia's Senate passed a resolution in May 2014 stating that they "consider it important to recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. In 1971 a group of young Sahrawi students in the universities of Morocco began organizing what came to be known as The Embryonic Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro[citation needed]. The SPLA's armed units are considered to have a manpower of possibly 6-7,000 active soldiers today, but during the war years its strength appears to have been significantly higher: up to 20,000 men. Toby Shelley For a comprehensive list of state recognitions of the competing claims by SADR and Morocco, see Political status of Western Sahara. Abdelaziz characterised them as a substitute path for the armed struggle, and indicated that if peaceful protest was squashed, in its view, without a referendum forthcoming, its armed forces would intervene[citation needed]. It was, despite a few changes, inherited from the before 1975, when the Polisario Front functioned as a small, tightly-knit guerrilla movement, with a few hundred members. In the statement, the Polisario is considered to represent the people of Western Sahara. Several states that do not recognize the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile of a sovereign state. [256][note 5]. The leader of the Polisario Front that leads the struggle for the self-declared Western Sahara republic has been brought to Spain to receive medical treatment, it was announced Thursday, April 22. Recognition allegedly withdrawn January 2000. The questions upon which the advisory opinion of the Court has been asked were laid before the Court by a letter dated 17 December 1974, filed in the Registry on 21 Decemter 1974, addressed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the President of the Court. Support for the Polisario Front came mostly from newly independent African states, including Angola and Namibia. In April 2007, the government of Morocco suggested that a self-governing entity, through the Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS), should govern the territory with some degree of autonomy for Western Sahara. It views itself as a "front" encompassing all political trends in Sahrawi society, and not as a political party. Also, the death of POLISARIO leader El Ouali in a raid on Nouakchott did not have the anticipated result in the collapse of Sahrawi morale. The organizational order described below applies today, and was roughly finalized in the 1991 internal reforms of the movement, although minor changes have been made since then. According to several Moroccan sources recognition was withdrawn in 2010 or earlier. After Moroccan pressures through the Green March of November 6 and the Moroccan Army previous invasion of eastern Saguia el-Hamra of October 31, Spain entered negotiations that led to the signing of the Madrid Accords between Spain, Morocco and Mauritania. AU; Recognition withdrawn 23 October 1996. 坐姿收腹1.雙腿屈膝並攏，盡量往後坐著，令大腿下側充分與椅子相貼，挺起上身，背部肌肉往上伸展，兩手放在大腿上。. Thus, numbering several hundred troops, the Polisario units could move easily in both the occupied territories and those of the hostile countries. [citation needed] Women formed auxiliary units protecting the camps during war years. Its first Secretary General was El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed. In 1976, Mohamed Abdelaziz was elected at the III Congress of the Polisario, and has held the post ever since. Kenya and Uruguay followed in 2005, and relations were upgraded in some other countries, while recognition of the SADR was cancelled by others (Albania[citation needed], Chad[citation needed], Serbia); in 2006, Kenya suspended its decision to recognize the SADR to act as a mediating party. Within months, its army had expanded to several thousand armed fighters, camels were replaced by modern jeeps (most of them were Spanish Land Rover Santana jeeps, captured from Moroccan soldiers), and 19th-century muskets were replaced by assault rifles. Mohamed Abdelaziz, the Polisario Front secretary-general (in white). France at the forefront. Soon after Morocco’s invasion, the Polisario declared an independent state of Western Sahara (the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic), which was subsequently recognized by 75 countries and is a full member of the Organization of African Unity.

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