35-52), provides detailed information regarding the difficulties and challenges, such as insecurity, that Iran confronted during the Qajar period , and which resulted in the displacement of local Iranians in general and the development of the slave trade and slavery in particular. The copyright of all the material published on this website has been registered under © 2016 the Women’s Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran. “The Long Fall of the Safavid Dynasty: Moving beyond the Standard Views.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. However, the social, economic, and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of slavery in different times and places. To obtain permission to copy, redistribute or publish the material published on this website, you should write to the NCRI Women’s Committee. One of the most tragic aspects of such gender discrimination and exploitation in Iran is the sprawling business of trafficking of young women and girls for modern slavery. Today, workers’ wages and monthly salaries are not paid for months and even over a year. No country is more stricken by COVID-19 than Iran. The vast majority of them have assimilated to Persian language, and no sizeable number speaks their native Circassian languages anymore. Slaves were mainly obtained either through sale or warfare. Politicians in Europe are keen to stem the flow of African migrants. [42] Muslim Iranian slaves were mainly sold to Arabia and Afghanistan, and it was said; “most of the slave girls employed as domestics in the houses of the gentry at Kandahar were brought from the outlying districts of Ghayn.” [43], African slaves were provided from East Africa via the Indian Ocean trade, but also increasingly through the Persian Gulf by Arab and Persian traders, or by land by pilgrims returning from Mecca, which caused Iranian to call the slaves haji. Spain began to trade slaves in the 15th century and this trade reached its peak in the 16th century. Esclavage en Iran Qajar (vers 1796–1925 après JC) Au début du 19e siècle, les esclaves blancs et noirs étaient commercialisés en Iran. Political and Social History of Iran from Teymur’s Death until the Death of Shah Abbas II. Harem properly refers to domestic spaces that are reserved for the women of the house in a Muslim family. In Constantinople, the administrative and political center of the Ottoman Empire, about a fifth of the 16th- and 17th-century population consisted of slaves. Greek writers of the time expressed that all Persian people were slaves to their king. In Ehsan Yar-Shater; William Bayne Fisher; Ilya Gershevitch (eds.). Once a very large minority in Iran, nowadays due to being heavily assimilated over the course of time and the lack of censuses based on ethnicity, population estimates vary significantly. Circassians in Iran differ somewhat from other Circassians in diaspora in that most in the former stem from the Safavid and Qajar era, although a number migrated as muhajirs in the late 19th century as well. When there is an inability or social discouragement for the couple to marry, it may be due to multiple factors such as differences in social rank status, an existing marriage, religious or professional prohibitions, or a lack of recognition by appropriate authorities. 5: Institutions. Early Islamic dogma forbade enslavement of free members of Islamic society, including non-Muslims (dhimmis), and set out to regulate and improve the conditions of human bondage. [9]. Please enter your username or email address to reset your password. The majority of modern slavery in Eritrea is said to be at the hands of the government, who force conscription upon their residents. A creditor could arrest an insolvent debtor and confine him to debtor’s prison. The Iranian people are modern day slaves to the Islamic revolutionary system, suffering dearly so that the leadership and the rich and wealthy can enjoy these dire times in their mansions. Concubinage is an interpersonal and sexual relationship between a man and a woman in which the couple does not want to or cannot enter into a full marriage. (In Farsi, Sherley, Anthony, Robert Sherley, and Thomas Sherley. bought by gold) or if they were black as kākā sīāh, while female slaves were referred to as kanīz(ak). Cambridge University Press. [34] The slave concubines (and later mothers) of the Shah's mainly consisted of enslaved Caucasian, Georgian and Armenian women, captured as war booty, bought at the slave market or received as gifts from local potentates. [29] Male slaves were used for military services as ghilman, or castrated and used as eunuch servants, while female slaves were used as domestics or as concubines for sexual service. Thousands of Iranian women and girls have been sold into sexual slavery abroad. In these countries of the empire, slavery had already undergone important changes by the time of the emergence of the Persian state. [54] During the Qajar dynasty, slave soldiers, ghilman, were used for the royal guard, and they were mainly white slaves from Caucasus. There would also have been agricultural slave workers in Iran, but the information about them are insufficient. There are also sources indicating the export of slaves from the Aksumite Kingdom. 1970. La guerre de 1828 avec la Russie a mis fin à l'importation d'esclaves blancs des frontières de l' Empire russe car elle a sapé le commerce des Circassiens et des Géorgiens , que l'Iran et la Turquie voisine pratiquaient depuis un certain temps. Quasi-state-level jihadist groups, including Boko Haram and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, have captured and enslaved women and children, often for sexual slavery. He was the author of several books, including a life of Muhammad, and articles in The Persian Encyclopedia, Western peer reviewed Journals as well as Iranica. [19] The use of domestic slaves was of the kind common in Islamic regions. Usually the debtor paid off the loan by free work for the creditor, thereby retaining his freedom. Slavery was a mainstay of life in pre-Islamic Arabia and surrounding lands. [58], Although the diplomatic efforts of the Russians and the British did result in a decline in the trade, slavery was still common in Iran under the Qajar dynasty, and it was not until the first half of twentieth century that slavery would be officially abolished in Iran under Reza Shah Pahlavi. The allowance for men to use contraception with female slaves assisted in thwarting unwanted pregnancies. Some women and girls are trafficked within Iraq for the purpose of sexual exploitation through the traditional institution of temporary marriages (muta’a).. [20] Slaves were also employed as entertainers and for secretarial and financial duties, as musicians, as soldiers, as tenders of farm animals and horses, and as domestics and cooks. A brief study of human trafficking in Iran and the role of regime officials in facilitating it, A Special Report by the Women’s Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran. [16], A third slave route through northwestern Iran provided Turkish slaves, people from Caucasus as well as saqaliba (Europeans) by the Volga trade route, and Christian Greeks, Armenians, and Georgians from the Caucasus through the Muslim raids in the Caucasus region. Slaves from as far as Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia would be availed at the Zanzibar market and shipped through the Indian Ocean to the Persian Gulf or Arabic Peninsula where they worked in Oman, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Iraq. The Byzantine–Ottoman wars (1265–1479) and the Ottoman wars in Europe resulted in the capture of large numbers of Christian slaves. Slavery in Ethiopia existed for centuries, going as far back as 1495 BC. In harems of the past, concubines, which were enslaved women, were also housed in the harem. Slaves were widely employed in irrigation, mining, and animal husbandry, but most commonly as soldiers, guards, domestic workers, and concubines. The head of Iran’s Interpol bureau believes that the sex slave trade is one of the most profitable activities in Iran today, and government officials themselves are involved in buying, selling and sexually abusing women and girls. [55] Female slaves had in some aspects more freedom than free Muslim women, as they were allowed to move about alone outside of the harem without veils and mingle with men, and were less harshly punished for voluntarily extramarital sexual relationships.

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